• Abbreviations & Acronyms
• Accessibility Statements
• Accesskeys
• Alt and Alt Attributes and Alt Text
• Assistive Technology
• Baseline
• Benefits
• Captcha
• Check Lists
• Cognitive Disabilities
• Color Accessibility
• Device Independence and and Graceful Degradation
• Definitions and Overviews
• Deprecated Features
• Flicker
• Forms:
  • (Default Place-Holding Characters,
  • Fieldset,
  • Labels,
  • Tab Index)
• Language
• Law, Lawsuits, Policies
• Mailto
• Multimedia:
  • (Captioning
  • Media Access Generator (MAGpie)
  • Streaming (live or real-time))
• Open Source
• Plugins, PDF, PowerPoint, etc.
• Relative Sizing
• Scripts
• Structure
• Style Sheets
• Tables
• Testing, Checking, Validating
• Text Only Versions
• Usability and Accessibility
• Zoom Layouts
• Articles & Related Links

Abbreviations & Acronyms

• 3.2 Acronyms and abbreviations.
• 4.2 Specify the expansion of each abbreviation or acronym.
  • Example for Checkpoint 4.2
• 9.1. The abbr element XHTML 2.0 – The W3C has finally given up trying to distinguish between acronym and abbreviation. Acronym is out.
• abbr - W3C.
• Acronyms and Abbreviations – University of Minnesota Standard.
• Explaining abbreviations, acronyms and symbols on Web pages – Jukka Korpela.
• The Accessibility Hat Trick: Getting Abbreviations Right – Colin Lieberman.
• Why Use the Acronym and Abbr Tags? – Ian Lloyd.

Accessibility Statements

• Accessibility or Help Links? – Alastair Campbell.
• Accessibility Statements – Dennis E. Lembree.
• Boiler-Plate Accessibility Statement – Thierry Koblentz et al.
• Certification and Testing – Joe Clark
• Creating an Accessibility Statement – Mark Pilgrim.
• Don’t Provide an Accessibility Statement – Peter Krantz.
• Does Your Website Overstate Its Accessibility? – Out-Law News.
• Logo Claims about Website Accessibility belie Reality – Fraser Hamilton.
• The Surfer and The Accessibility Statement – Patrick Griffiths.
• Writing a Good Accessibility Statement – Gez Lemon.

Accesskeys

• 11.1 Keyboard access to forms – W3C.
• Access Keys, Limited Practical Value – Alastair Campbell.
• Accesskeys and Reserved Keystroke Combinations – John Foliot.
• Accesskeys: Where Are We Now? – Mel Pedley.
• Almost Getting it Right with Access Keys – Matt Bailey.
• Example for Checkpoint 9.5.
• Firefox 2.0 and Access Keys – Gez Lemon.
• I Do Not Use Accesskeys – Dave Shea.
  • I’m Still Off Accesskeys – Dave Shea.
• Initial Focus to a Text Field – Good or Bad? – Robert Nyman.
• Too Much Accessibility – accesskeys – Bim Egan.
• Using Accesskeys – Is it worth it? – John Foliot and Derek Featherstone. (Defining accesskeys seems to be a waste of time unless one is designing for a controlled environment such as an intranet.)
• User-Defined Access Keys – Gez Lemon.
• XHTML2 Draft Backtracks on Accesskeys – Mel Pedley.

Alt Attributes and Alt Text

• 1.1 Provide a text equivalent for every non-text element - W3C.
  • Example for Checkpoint 1.1a – a text equivalent for images and graphical buttons- W3C.
• 508 (a) – A text equivalent for every non-text element shall be provided (e.g., via “alt”, “longdesc”, or in element content).
• Accessible Alternatives – Andy (Malarkey) Clarke.
• Accessible Graphics: A Graph with a Description in a Separate, Linked File – University of Texas.
  • Accessible Graphics: alt Text for Decorative Images and Spacers – University of Texas.
  • Accessible Graphics: alt Text for a Functional Graphics – University of Texas.
  • Accessible Graphics: alt Text for a Link that contains both Graphics and Text – University of Texas.
  • Accessible Graphics: alt Text for a Logo – University of Texas.
  • Accessible Graphics: Including a Graph and Its Description on the Same Page – University of Texas.
• Accessibility Footnotes – Andy (Malarkey) Clarke.
• Add alt attributes to spacer images – Jim Byrne.
• Alt and beyond: Making web graphics accessible – Tim Roberts.
• Alternative Content for Graphics – Jim Thatcher.
• Alt Text is an Alternative, Not a Tooltip – Roger Johansson.
• Appropriate Use of Alternative Text – Jared Smith.
• Associating a Graph and its Description with the longdesc Attribute – University of Texas.
• Creating Accessible Images – WebAIM.
• Demonstration of the LONGDESC attribute and the “d” link – John Foliot.
• Describing Document Text for Accessibility – Tim Roberts.
• Got Alt? – Eric Tribou.
• Graphic Testimony: It’s Possible to Provide Long descriptions for Dynamically Generated Graphs – Stan Berman.
• Guidelines on alt texts in img elements – Jukka Korpela.
• How do I add text equivalents for images? – Dreamweaver MX.
• How to Avoid Screen Reader ‘Noise Pollution’ – Trenton Moss.
• How To Make Non-text Elements Accessible – Some Notes – Jim Byrne.
• Internet Explorer 7 and Various Screen Readers and Screen Enlargers – Kelly Ford.
• Mini FAQ About The Alternate Text Of Images – Ian Hickson.
• Naughty or Nice? CSS Background Images – Derek Featherstone.
• Online Galleries
  • Dayton Art Institute
  • i-Map: The Every Day Transformed, – Tate Modern.
• Provide Access to Graphs for Users Who are Blind or Visually Impaired – Geoff Freed and Madeleine Rothberg.
• Provide Access to Images for Users Who are Blind or Visually Impaired – Geoff Freed and Madeleine Rothberg.
• Provide Text Equivalents For Graphics In HTML – Skills for Access.
• “Provide equivalent alternatives to auditory and visual content.” – WebAIM.
• Speaking ALT Text – Bob Easton.
• Text and links – Joe Clark.
• Text descriptions for images – Peter Rainger.
• Text Equivalents Overview – Jon Gunderson.
• The Alt and Accessibility – Mike Cherim.
• The Alt and Title Attributes – Roger Johansson.
• The ALT attribute in HTML – Stephen Poley.
• The image problem – Joe Clark.
• Thinking About Accessibility – Equivalent Content – Mike Davies.
• Tooltips and alt texts for image maps – Jukka “Yucca” Korpela.
• Use of ALT texts in IMGs – A. J. Flavell.
• Writing Effective ALT Text For Images – Trenton Moss.
• Writing good ALT text – Simon Willison.

Assistive Technology

• Assistive Technology: Alternative Pointing Devices – Mel Pedley.
• Assistive Technology: Braille and Low Vision Aids – Mel Pedley.
• Assistive Technology Users Test TITLE Attribute Access – Steven Faulkner.
• Alternative Web Browsing – Peter Bosher and Judy Brewer.
• Eye Tracking

  • Eye-tracking – WebAIM.
  • Replace Your Mouse with Your Eye – Alfred Hermida.
• Beware the Kalends of November – Carroll Tech.
• Five Assistive Technologies for the Web – Leonie Watson.
• Head Wands

  • Head wand – WebAIM.
• How People with Disabilities Use the Web – W3C.
• Handheld for Blind and Low-vision Users – Matt Bailey.
• How Do Disabled People use Computers? – Joe Clark.
• HTML Compatibility Chart – Ian Lloyd.
• IBM Home Page Reader is Dead – Source: IBM Mailing List.
  • IBM Home Page Reader is Dead, Now what? – Sandra Clark.
• Increased Accessibility for Mobile Devices – Matt Bailey.
• Keyboard Access

  • Adaptive keyboard – WebAIM.
  • Assistive Technology: Keyboards And Other Input Alternatives – Mel Pedley.
  • Optimize for Keyboard Access (and other non-mouse input devices) – Skills For Access.
• Mouth Sticks

  • Mouth stick – WebAIM
• Screen Magnifiers

  • Doing Web Accessibility for Screen Magnifier Users – Trenton Moss.
• Screen Readers

  • Browsing Habits of Screen Reader Users – Peter Krantz.
  • display: none and Invisible Content
    • CSS in Action: Invisible Content Just for Screen Reader Users – WebAIM.
    • Screenreader Visibility – Bob Easton.
    • What do Screen Readers really say? – Bob Easton.
    • Quiz 2.4.1: On being heard but not seen – Bob Easton.
  • Giving OS X a Voice – Christopher Breen.
  • Guidelines for Accessible and Usable Web Sites: Observing Users Who Work With Screen Readers – Mary Frances Theofanos and Janice (Ginny) Redish.
  • Improving Usability for Screen Reader Users – Trenton Moss.
  • Influence of valid code on screen readers – Joe Clark.
  • JAWS Demo – Cheryl Kirkpatrick.
  • Quiz 1.1.5: A picture requires a thousand words – Bob Easton.
  • The Quagmire of Web Accessibility- Chris Hofstater.
  • Seven Screen Reader Usability Tips – Trenton Moss.
  • Screen readers By Joe Clark.
  • Screen Reader Simulation – WebAIM.
  • Screen Reader Software Support for the TITLE Attribute – Steven Faulkner.
  • Screen-Reader Usability Study – Joe Clark.
  • Screen Readers and CSS Layout – Bob Easton.
  • Screen Readers Suck! – Dave Child.
  • Surfing the Web with a Screen Reader – AccessIT.
  • The DOM And Screen Readers – Gez Lemon.
  • Three Things I Learned About Screen Reader Users – Joshua Kaufman.
  • Usability screening techniques: evaluating for a wider range of environments, circumstances and abilities – Shawn Lawton Henry.
  • What do Screen Readers really say? – Bob Easton.
• Single-Switch Access

  • Single-Switch Access – WebAIM.
• Sip and Puff Switch

  • Sip and puff switch - WebAIM.
• Video: Keeping Web Accessibility in Mind – WebAIM.
• Voiceover
  • Apple Offers Universal Access with Leopard.
  • Guide to Voiceover Basics – Blind Techs Wiki.
  • Not What the Doctor Ordered: A Review of Apple’s VoiceOver Screen Reader – Jay Leventhal.
• What Is Assistive Technology? – Public Broadcasting System.

Baseline

• The Question of Baseline – Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 Working Group.
• This is Accessible? – Gez Lemon.
• Questions and Proposed Approaches for Baseline Specifics – Gregg Vanderheiden.
• WCAG 2.0 Baseline Concept – Gez Lemon.
• Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 – comments on the ‘Baseline Technology Assumption‘ – Tina Holmboe.

Benefits (Why accessibility?)

• 10 Reasons Clients Don’t Care About Accessibility – Christian Heilmann.
• 100,000 Reasons to Design for Accessibility – Bruce Lawson.
• Accessible Business Online – Alexandra Graham.
• Accessibility…Who Does It REALLY Help? – Darrel Austin.
• Accessibility and Search – Matt Bailey.
• Accessibility is Optimization – Matt Bailey.
• Auxiliary Benefits of Accessible Web Design – W3C.
• Benefits and Challenges of Web Accessibility – Pat Byrne.
• Benefits of an Accessible Website – part 1: Increase in Reach – Trenton Moss.
  • Benefits of an Accessible Website – part 2: The Business Case – Trenton Moss.
• Developing a Web Accessibility Business Case for Your Organization – W3C.
• Don’t Disable Your Site for Handicapped Users – Matt Bailey.
• Don’t Use the Statistics Defense as a Reason to Exclude People From Your Content – Jim Byrne.
• High Accessibility Is Effective Search Engine Optimization – Andy Hagans.
• How Do You Get Your Client to Pay For Accessibility? – Gez Lemon.
• How To Sell Accessibility – Trenton Moss.
• New Research Study Shows 57 Percent of Adult Computer Users Can Benefit From Accessible Technology – Microsoft.
• Presenting the Case for Web Accessibility – W3C Draft.
• Selfish Reasons for Accessible Web Authoring – Kynn Bartlett.
• Selling Accessibility to Programmers – Joe Clark.
• The Financial Benefits of Web Accessibility – Mel Pedley.
• The Secret Benefit of Accessibility: Increased Usability – Trenton Moss.
  • The Secret Benefits of Accessibility Part 2: Better Search Ranking – Trenton Moss.
• The Need for Accessibility – Dan Johnson.
• Universal Design and Web Accessibility: Unexpected Beneficiaries – Terry Thompson.
• Usability and Accessibility Market Worth £115m in 2005 – E-consultancy.com.
• Why Accessibility? – Robert Nyman.
• Why Accessibility is Important to You – John S. Britsios.
• Web Accessibility and Search Engine Optimisation – Carmen Mardiros.
• Why Accessibility? Motivating Learners To Bring About Change – WebAIM.
• Why bother? – Joe Clark.
• Why Design Accessible Web Sites? – Nicole Sullivan.

Captcha (Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart).

• Accessibility of CAPTCHA – Gez Lemon.
• AOL Gets It Right, Sort Of. – Matt Bailey.
• CAPTCHA is Dead – Matt May.
• CAPTCHA: The FAQs – Glenda Watson Hyatt.
• CAPTCHA Usability: Humane Alternative to CAPTCHA – Jesper Ronn-Jensen.
• Captcha Usability Revisited: Google Inaccessible to Blind People – Jesper Ronn-Jensen.
• Circus of CAPTCHA’s – Matt Bailey.
• Codes on Sites ‘Captcha’ Anger of Web Users – David Kesmodel.
• Developing a Customized Business Case, Making Anti-Robot Tests: Accessible, Sharing Accessibility with Newbies – Shawn Lawton Henry.
• Escape From CAPTCHA – Matt May.
• Google’s Doors Still Shut to Blind – Susan Kuchinskas.
• Google Petition Concerning CAPTCHA – Matt Bailey.
• Google Releases Audio CAPTCHA – Matt Bailey.
• Inaccessibility of CAPTCHA – W3C.
  • CAPTCHA Paper Updated – Matt May.
• Inaccessibility of Visually-Oriented Anti-Robot Tests Problems and Alternatives – Matt May.
• I’m visually impaired and I can’t see the word verification image. – Google.
• Is Google Shutting Out The Blind? – Susan Kuchinskas.
• Proposal for an Accessible Captcha Test – Peter Krantz.
• Visual Verification: Potential New Audio CAPTCHA Solution – Darrell Shandrow, Blind Access Journal.
• W3C Formally Dislikes the CAPTCHA – Matt Bailey.
• What’s Wrong With this Picture? – Ian Lloyd.

Checklists

• Accessibility Quick Checks (Part 1 of 3: Coding) – Jack Pickard.
  • Accessibility Quick Checks (Part 2 of 3: Content) – Jack Pickard.
  • Accessibility Quick Checks (Part 3 of 3: Function) – Jack Pickard.
• Accessibility Quick Tips – webdevtips.com.
• Evaluating Web Sites for Accessibility.
• HTML Commandments – Dena Shumila.
• Section 508 Checklist – Jonathan Whiting.
• WAI Checklist of Checkpoints for Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0 .
• IBM Web Accessibility Checklist.

Cognitive Disabilities

• A Conceptual Framework for Accessibility Tools to Benefit Users with Cognitive Disabilities – Paul R. Bohman and Shane Anderson.
• A Dyslexic Perspective on e-Content Accessibility – Peter Rainger and EA Draffan.
• An Accessibility Frontier: Cognitive disabilities and learning difficulties – Roger Hudson, Russ Weakley and Peter Firminger.
• Assistive Technology with Cognitive Disability Emphasis – Mark Dubin.
• Cognitive Disabilities and Online Education – Ben Buchanan.
• Cognitive Disabilities Part 1 – Paul R. Bohman.
• Cognitive Disabilities Part 2 – Cyndi Rowland.
• Cognitive load and the rule of seven (or how many is too many) – Nick Finck.
• Cognitive Disability – Alan Dix.
• Design for Accessibility: The Personal Information Point – J. Coy, S. Keates , P. J. Clarkson L. Harrison, P. Robinson.
• Designing for Dyslexics: Part 1 of 3 – Mel Pedley.
  • Designing for Dyslexics: Part 2 of 3 – Mel Pedley.
  • Designing for Dyslexics: Part 3 of 3 – Mel Pedley.
• Designing for Users With Cognitive Disabilities – Erica Kolatch.
• Designing Web Pages for Dyslexic Readers – John Bradford.
• Developing sites for users with Cognitive disabilities and learning difficulties – Roger Hudson, Russ Weakley, and Peter Firminger.
• Dyslexia, Disability and Teaching Accessibility – Jack Pickard.
• Dyslexia List Launches with Major Research Programme into Accessibility Guidance – Ann Light.
• Easy Read and Other Advice About Writing for People with Learning Disabilities – Caroline Jarrett.
• Inclusion Of Cognitive Disabilities in the Web Accessibility Movement – Lisa Seeman.
• LD Web (Learning Disabilities Web) – ld-web.org.
• Lower-Literacy Users – Jakob Nielsen.
• More On Dyslexia – Mel Pedley.
• Start with the assumption that you cannot predict the access needs of your audience – Jim Byrne.
• Ten Guidelines for Improving Accessibility for People with Dyslexia – Vashti Zarach.
• The Effects of Lower-literacy on Mental Models to Support Website Navigation – Celeste Lyn Paul.
• Useful (Learning Disability) Guides to Accessibility – Mencap.
• Web Accessibility and Learning Difficulties – Tim Fidgeon.
• Web Design for Dyslexic Users – dyslexia.com.

Color: Accessibility

Definitions and Overviews

• Accessibility and Availability – Derek Featherstone.
• Accessibility for All vs. for People with Disabilities – Roger Johansson.
• Accessibility In Trouble 2: Standards – Mike Davies.
  • Accessibility In Trouble 3: Universality – Mike Davies.
  • Accessibility In Trouble 4: Dehumanisation – Mike Davies.
  • Accessibility In Trouble 5: Deterioration- Mike Davies.
  • Accessibility In Trouble 6: Misrepresentation – Mike Davies.
• Accessibility Only For Disabilities? – Tommy Olsson.
• Barrier-Free Web Design, a.k.a. Web Accessibility 2.0 – Roger Johansson and Tommy Olsson.
• Definitions of Web Accessibility – Mel Pedley.
• Et Tu, Joe? – Tommy Olsson.
• Future of Web Accessibility – Alastair Campbell.
• In Defense Of Accessibility – Jack Pickard.
• Lack of Access = Barrier to Access – Joe Dolson.
• Levels of Accessibility – Mike Cherim.
• On Accessibility – Catherine Roy.
• The Great Accessibility Camp-Out – Gez Lemon and Mike Cherim.
• Trying to Define Web Accessibility – Joe Dolson.
• Understanding Web Accessibility – Shawn Lawton Henry.
• Universality and Accessibility – Gez Lemon.
• What is Accessibility? – Robert Nyman.
• What Is Web Accessibility? – Trenton Moss.
• What is an accessible website? Attempting a definition. – Jim Byrne.
• What is an accessible website? – an answer in the form of a diagram. – Jim Byrne.
• What is media access? – Joe Clark.

Device Independence and Graceful Degradation

• Device independent definition. – W3C .
• Device Independence- W3C
• Device Independence Day – Matt Margolin.
• Device Independence Principles – W3C.
• Fluid Thinking – Peter-Paul Koch.
• Graceful Degradation – Daniel R. Tobias.
• Guideline 9. Design for device-independence – W3C.

Deprecated Features

• 11.2 Avoid deprecated features of W3C technologies - W3C.
• Beyond the FONT tag: Practical HTML text styling -Todd Fahrner.
• Index of Elements (See deprecated column).
• “The following HTML elements specify font information. Although they are not all deprecated, their use is discouraged in favor of style sheet” – 15.2.1 .
• The FONT tag is deprecated in current HTML standards, and should be avoided if at all possible. Use CSS for font sizes, and make sure they’re a relative size, not an absolute one. Then they’ll “adapt” whether the viewer is applying a custom stylesheet, or simply using the “increase font size” menu option.
• Guidelines for authoring – W3C . Including “FONT tag considered harmful!”

Flicker

• Flicker and Strobe – WebAIM.
• Animated images – Web Access Centre, Royal National Institute of the Blind.
• Avoid Specific Frequencies for Flickering Content – Skills for Access.
• Blinking Page Elements and Marquees – University of Minnesota Standard.
• Photosensitive Epilepsy – Gez Lemon.
• Screen Flicker – 508.
• Screen Refresh – University of Minnesota Standard.
• Web Content Accessibility Guideline 2.3 – W3C.

Forms

• 11 Forms – W3C.
• 508(n) – When electronic forms are designed to be completed on-line, the form shall allow people using assistive technology to access the information, field elements, and functionality required for completion and submission of the form, including all directions and cues.
• Accessible and Usable Forms – Mike Foskett.
• Accessible Forms by Jim Thatcher.
• Accessible Forms – John Slatin.
• Accessible Forms- Roger Hudson.
• Accessible Forms – Patrick Griffiths.
• Accessible Forms: Radio Buttons with
  
  ,
  

  , and – University of Texas.

  • Accessible Forms: Buttons Using
    elements of type = “button” and elements – University of Texas.
  • Accessible Forms: Graphical buttons – University of Texas.
• Accessible HTML/XHTML Forms – Ian Lloyd.
• Accessible Matrix Forms – WebAIM Thread.
• Accessibility and the Label Tag – Adrian Senior.
• Accessibility issues of checkboxes and radio buttons -”Yucca” Korpela.
• Better Accessible Forms – Ian Lloyd.
• Building Accessible Web Forms – Alejandro Gervasio.
• Communicating Error Messages Accessibly – Peter Krantz.
• Creating Accessible Forms – WebAIM.
• Default Place-Holding Characters

  • 10.4 Until user agents handle empty controls correctly, include default, place-holding characters.
  • Braille Displays and Web Forms – David Poehlman.
  • Default Place-Holding Characters – Gez Lemon.
  • Place-holding characters in edit/text boxes – Patrick H. Lauke.
  • Re: WCAG 1.0 checkpoint 10.4 – David Poehlman.
  • Use Javascript to add default text to input fields – Jim Byrne.
• Fieldset

  • Fieldset – www.w3schools.com.
  • FIELDSET – Form Control Group.
  • Filedset/Legend in XHTML vs. HTML – Kevin C Smith.
• FORMS: Friends, Not Foes! – Meryl K. Evans.
• Form Help Without Popups – Gez Lemon.
• Forms: University of Minnesota Standards.
• Forms and Fields – Peter Rainger.
• Forms and interaction – Joe Clark.
• Forms By Dan Cederholm.
• Form Help Without Popups – Gez Lemon.
• Forms Refresher – James Craig.
• How to create accessible forms – Paul R. Bohman.
• How to use tables to structurize forms in HTML and about alternatives, like fieldset – Jukka “Yucca” Korpela.
• Labels

  • 10.2 ensure that the label is properly positioned – W3C.
    • Example for Checkpoint 10.2.
  • 11.3 Labeling form controls – WAI Coding Technique.
  • 12.4 Associate labels explicitly with their controls – W3C.
    • Example for Checkpoint 12.4.
  • Accessible Forms: Labeling Input Fields – University of Texas.
    • Accessible Forms: Labeling Pulldown Menus – University of Texas.
  • Associate form fields explicitly with their labels – Jim Byrne.
  • Form Labels – Ron Thigpen.
  • LABEL – Form Field Label.
  • Label Positioning – Gez Lemon.
  • The tag.
  • Quiz 5.2.13: Speaking Form Labels – Bob Easton.
    • Speaking Form Labels – Summary – Bob Easton.
• Make forms accessible – WAI Coding Technique.
• Making Accessible Forms, Part 1 – Trenton Moss.
• Making Accessible Forms, Part 2 – Trenton Moss.
• Optgroup
  • Accessible Forms: Grouping Related Items on a Form – University of Texas.
  • OPTGROUP – Option Group – htmlhelp.
  • The tag.
• Prettier Accessible Forms – Nick Rigby.
• Provide Access to Forms for Users who are Blind or Visually Impaired – Geoff Freed and Madeleine Rothberg.
• Reset and Cancel Buttons – Jakob Nielsen.
• Simply Accessible – Derek Featherstone.
• Showing Good Form: Beyond the Basics of Accessible Web Forms – Catherine M. Brys and Wim Vanderbauwhede.
  • Accessible Web Forms: Beyond the Basics – Part 2 – Catherine M. Brys and Wim Vanderbauwhede.
• Standard Forms – Updated – Anthony Eggert.
• Tab Index

  • 9.4 Create a logical tab order through links, form controls, and objects.
    • Example for Checkpoint 9.4.
  • Initial Focus to a Text Field – Good or Bad? By Robert Nyman.
  • Make forms easier to use by creating a logical tab order – Jim Byrne.
  • Staying Positive About Tabindex – Joe Clark.
  • Tabindex At Your Peril – Mel Pedley.
  • Too Much Accessibility – Tabindex – Bim Egan.
• Usable and Accessible Form Validation and Error Recovery – Jared Smith.
• Writing Accessible Forms – The University of Durham.

Language

• 2.2 Identifying the primary language – W3C .
• 4.3 Identify the primary natural language of a document.
  • Example for Checkpoint 4.3 - W3C.
• Defining Content Language – Karl Dawson.
• Indicating Language Choice: Flags, Text, Both, Neither? – Roger Johansson.
• Internationalization Primer – Jonathan Snook.
• Language codes – Joe Clark.
• Why use the language attribute?

Law, Lawsuits, Policies

• 504

  • ADA Q & A: Section 504 & Postsecondary Education – Deborah Leuchovius.
  • Section 504, Rehabilitation Act of 1973.
  • Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act.
  • Section 504 and IDEA: Basic Similarities and Differences – S. James Rosenfeld.
• 508

  • 1194.22 Web-based Intranet and Internet Information and Applications – The Access Board.
  • 508 Standards.
  • Advisory Committee Faces Major Hurdles with Section 508 Revision – Wade-Hahn Chan.
  • Cornerstones of a Successful 508 Program – Fred DiFiore.
  • Board Names Advisory Committee for 508 Standards Update – The Access Board.
  • Board to Create Advisory Committee for Refresh of 508 Standards – The Access Board.
  • Ruling doesn’t affect Section 508 Web requirements, board says – Dipka Bhambhani.
  • Section 508? That’s for the government or something – Jeffery Zeldman.
  • Section508.gov.
  • Section 508 Checklist – Jonathan Whiting.
  • Section 508 Technical Assistance page – access-board.gov.
  • Standards for Electronic and Information Technology: An Overview.
  • Telecommunications and Electronic and Information Technology Advisory Committee.
  • Using Section 508 to Improve Internet Access to Information for Everybody – Thomas Vander Wal.
  • WAI to Advise on 508 Standards Update – W3C.
  • Web Accessibility for Section 508 – Jim Thatcher.
• Accessibility and the law – Joe Clark.
• Accessibility and the Law By Andy Budd.
• Accessibility: it’s not just a good idea, it’s the law – Mark Pilgrim.
• Accountability of Accessibility and Usability – Anitra Pavka.
• Capella University/WebCT (La Marca v. Capella University)

  • Capella University (La Marca vs. Capella University) – WebAIM Thread.
  • Lawsuit Charges Online University Does Not Accommodate Learning-Disabled Students – Dan Carnevale.
  • Web CT Criticisms – wikipedia.
• Crying Foul on Accessibility Claims – Ian Lloyd.
• Is Legally Mandated Accessibility a Benefit? – Joe Dolson.
• Is Your Site ADA -Compliant … or a Lawsuit-in-Waiting? – Cynthia D. Waddell and Kevin Lee Thomason.
• ICDRI Update On Global Accessible Web Policy And Law – Cynthia D. Waddell.
• Let the Buyer be Aware: The Importance of Procurement in Accessibility Policy – Cyndi Rowland.
• Letter to the MS Society on Accessibility – Bruce Lawson.
• Manifesto – Web Standards Project’s Accessibility Task Force.
• Martin v. MARTA (Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority)

  • ADA Transit Case Seeks Accessible Web Remedy – Cynthia D. Waddell.
  • Judge Rules That Inaccessible Website Violates ADA.
• National Federation of the Blind v. America Online (AOL)

  • The National Federation of the Blind Sues AOL – Cynthia D. Waddell.
• Nearly 75 Percent of FTSE 100 Company Websites Fail to Meet Minimum Accessibility Requirements – Nomensa.
• Publicly Available Specification (PAS) 78

  • A Critique of P.A.S. 78 – Joe Clark.
  • Fisking PAS 78 – Joe Clark.
  • How to commission an accessible website – out-law.
  • New standards for website access – BBC.
  • PAS 78 Download – Developed by The British Standards Institution.
  • PAS 78: Guide to Good Practice in Commissioning Accessible Websites – Bruce Lawson.
  • PAS 78 Launch – Mike Davies.
  • Usability Exchange.
• Ramada.com and Priceline.com

  • Spitzer Agreement To Make Web Sites Accessible To The Blind And Visually Impaired – Press Release from the Office of the New York Attorney General.
  • Businesses Agree to Make Websites Accessible – Kassia Krozser.
• Should Web-only businesses be required to be disabled-accessible? – Anita Ramasastry.
• State and Federal E-Government in the United States, 2003 – Brown University.
• Southwest Airlines (Robert Gumson v. Southwest Airlines and Access Now v. Southwest Airlines)

  • ADA doesn’t extend to the Internet – Eric Bangeman.
  • No decision from the Appeals Court – Jim Thatcher.
  • Do Disability Laws Apply to the Web? – Patrick Thibodeau.
  • Judge: Disabilities Act doesn’t cover Web – Declan McCullagh.
  • Man Sues Airlines for Fare Access – Kendra Mayfield.
  • Ruling doesn’t affect Section 508 Web requirements, board says – Dipka Bhambhani.
  • Suit Over Airlines’ Web Sites Tests Bounds of ADA – Matthew Haggman.
• Sydney Olympics (Bruce Maguire v. Sydney Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games [SOCOG])

  • Bruce Lindsay Maguire v Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games.
  • Olympic Failure: A Case for Making the Web Accessible – Tom Worthington.
  • Olympics Site Discriminates Against the Blind – Adam Creed.
  • Reader’s guide to Sydney Olympics accessibility complaint – Joe Clark.
• Target (National Federation of the Blind v. Target)

  • Accessibility, Law and Target.com – Jim Thatcher.
  • Blind Cal Student Sues Target – Henry K. Lee.
  • Blind Customer Applauds Court Ruling on Target Web Site – John Croman.
  • Blind Patrons’ Lawsuit Against Target Proceeds – Josh Richman.
  • Blind Patrons Sue Target for Site Inaccessibility – Michelle Meyers.
  • Court Denies Target.com Plea for Dismissal – Matt Bailey.
  • Do the Rights of the Disabled Extend to the Blind on the Web? – Bob Tedeschi.
  • Expert Declaration of Dr. James W. Thatcher in NFB V. Target – James W. Thatcher.
  • National Federation of the Blind v. Target – Disability Rights Advocates.
    • Complaint (NFB V. Target)
    • Judge’s Order (NFB V. Target)
  • National Federation of the Blind v. Target Corporation – Wikipedia.
  • NFB vs. Target in Perspective – Matt May.
  • On Handicapped Access, Target Fights the Wrong Fight for the Wrong Reason – Evan Schuman.
  • Should Ignorance Be Our Real Target? – Ben Buchanan.
  • Taking Aim at Target(.com) – Derek Featherstone.
  • Target Accessibility Case Will Go Forward! – Joe Dolson.
  • Target Accessibility Lawsuit Falls on Deaf Ears – Kim Krause Berg.
  • Target Hit – But is it a Bullseye? – Ian Lloyd.
  • Target in the Sights of Accessibility Advocates – Karl Dawson.
  • Target Sued Over Web Accessibility – Out-law News.
  • Target Sued: Website Not Accessible to Blind – Overlawyered.
  • Target.com’s Accessibility Lawsuit – Karl Dawson.
  • Tarzhay – Joe Clark.
  • The webdev community’s response to the Target Lawsuit – Bruce Lawson.
  • Staying on Target – Derek Featherstone.
  • Web Accessibility Evaluation of Target Website – Jon Gunderson.
  • Websites For The Blind: Is This The Next ‘Year 2000 Compliant’ Requirement? – Linda Markus Daniels.
• Ticketmaster

  • Precedent – Joe Clark.
• UK Resources for Web Accessibility and the Law – Martin Sloan.
• University of California UC Davis and UC Berkeley Settlement

  • UC Settles Case on Hearing Disabilities – Amelia Heagerty.
• Web Accessibility and the Law: Recent Legal Developments and Advocacy Strategies – Lainey Feingold and Crista Earl.
• Web Accessibility and UK Law: Telling It Like It Is – Trenton Moss.
• Website Accessibility And The Private Sector: Disability Stakeholders Cannot Tolerate 2% Access! – Ronald E. Milliman.
• Web Accessibility Soon Mandatory in Europe? – Jo Best.
• When The Americans With Disabilities Act Goes Online: Application of the ADA to the Internet and the Worldwide Web – Position Paper National Council on Disability.

Lists

• List Tags - University of Minnesota Standard.
• Unordered Lists: More Than Just Bullets – Brian Huisman.

Mailto

• Mailto Links - University of Minnesota Standard.

Multimedia

• 1.3 “Until user agents can automatically read aloud the text equivalent of a visual track, provide an auditory description of the important information of the visual track of a multimedia presentation.” – Web Content Accessibility Guidelines.
• 1.4 “For any time-based multimedia presentation (e.g., a movie or animation), synchronize equivalent alternatives (e.g., captions or auditory descriptions of the visual track) with the presentation” – Web Content Accessibility Guidelines.
• 508 (b) Equivalent alternatives for any multimedia presentation shall be synchronized with the presentation.
• Accessible Digital Media – Geoff Freed and Madeleine Rothberg.
• Accessible Streaming Content – Andrew Kirkpatrick.
• Accessible Multimedia – DoIT.
• Accessible Multimedia – John Slatin.
• Accessible Video In A Diverging Web Environment – David Klein and Kenneth “Fritz” Thompson.
• Adding Multimedia in Web Documents (part 2) – WaSP Asks the W3C.
• Allow User Control Over Animated Content – Skills For Access.
• Audio and Multimedia – Jim Thatcher.
• Audio Description

  • Audio Description International (ADI).
  • Provide Audio Descriptions for Video or Animated Content – General Advise – Skills For Access.
  • What is audio description? – National Center on Accessible Information Technology in Education.
• Deconstructing Multimedia: Break It Up for Accessibility – Andrew Kirkpatrick.
• How to Incorporate Stunning Multimedia Into Your Accessible Site – Joe Clark.
• Captioning

  • Best Practices in Online Captioning – Joe Clark.
  • Captions – Jared Smith.
  • Captions vs subtitles – Alastair Campbell.
  • Captioning FAQ – Media Access Group.
  • Captioning for Quicktime – Paul Bowman.
  • Captioning for RealPlayer – Paul Bowman.
  • Captioning for Windows Media – Paul Bowman.
  • Captioning Web Multimedia: An Overview Of Technologies, Resources, And Tools – Jared Smith.
  • Captioning with QuickTime SMIL – Patrick H. Lauke.
  • Finally, Caption Playback – Google.
  • Deaf Web Users Fear Being Left Behind – Andrew LaVallee.
  • Two tracks o’ text – Joe Clark.
  • Provide Text Equivalents for Audio – General Advice on Captions – Skills For Access.
  • Understanding captions and subtitles – Joe Clark.
  • Web accessibility for deaf people: Adding captions or providing transcripts isn’t always enough – Jim Byrne.
  • Web Captioning and Education – Jared Smith.
  • Web Captioning in Education WebCast – National Center on Disability and Access to Education.
  • Web Captioning Overview – WebAIM.
• Macromedia Breeze – National Center on Disability and Access to Education.
• Multimedia by Joe Clark.
• Multimedia: Enhancing Ability – Leonie Watson.
• Multimedia – University of Minnesota Web Accessibility Standards.
• Multimedia: Web Checkpoint 4 – IBM.
• Media Access Generator (MAGpie) .
  • Captioning with MAGpie 2 – Paul Bowman.
  • Creating Captions for Rich Media – National Center for Accessible Media.
  • Provide Text Equivalents For Audio In MAGpie – Skills for Access.
• The Open and Closed Project – Joe Clark.
• Podcasting and Accessibility – WebAIM list Thread.
• Provide Access to Multimedia Presentations for Users with Sensory Disabilities – Geoff Freed and Madeleine Rothberg.
• Provide Accessible Multimedia in Digital Talking Books (DTBs) – Geoff Freed and Madeleine Rothberg.
• Provide Accessible Multimedia in E-books – Geoff Freed and Madeleine Rothberg.
• Sign-Language Takes to the Web – Phil Muncaster.
• Standards Compliant method to add Quicktime movies to pages – Anne van Kesteren.
• Streaming (live or real-time)

  • A Promising Practice in Streaming Captioned Educational Video – Access it.
  • Accessibility of Live/Real-Time Web-Based Multimedia For the Deaf And Hard of Hearing – Jared Smith.
  • Captioning live streaming video – WebAIM Discussion.
  • Real-time captioning – Media Access Group.
• The Simpsons For The Visually Impaired – Kirk Biglione.
• Transcripts

  • Audio Transcription For Podcasts: JC Human vs. CastingWords.com – Robin Good.
  • Transcribing Podcasts – Jeremy Keith.
  • Provide Text Equivalents for Audio – General Advice on Transcripts – Skills For Access.
• Using Accessible Video and Audio to Enhance e-Learning for Disabled Students – Ross Little.
• What is Media Access? – Joe Clark.

Open Source

• Advocates For Disabled Wary of Open Source – Linda Tucci.
• Breaking the Web Wide Open! – Marc Canter.
• DeJa Vu All Over Again – Carroll Tech Blog.
• Massachusetts Grapples with Open Source’s Cost to the Disabled – Lisa Vaas.
• Massachusetts, Open Document, and Accessibility – Peter Korn.
• Minnesota Standards Bill Could Affect Microsoft Word, Adobe – W. David Gardner.
• OATS (Open Source Assistive Technology Software).
• ODF Subpar for the Disabled? Not so Fast says Google Researcher – David Berlind.
• OpenOffice.org and Accessibility Part 1: Writer – WebAIM.
• Thoughts on the ‘Joint Statement on OpenSource and OpenDocuments in Massachusetts’ – Peter Korn.
• Visually Impaired User Weighs In on Assistive Technology Debate – Scott Sede.
• Why Won’t Microsoft Join Existing Standards Efforts? – Peter Korn

Plugins, PDF, PowerPoint, etc.

• 2.3 Content Versus Navigation – Australian Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission.
• Accessible PDF Documents For the Blind – Peter Abrahams.
• Accessible P.D.F. Files.
• Accessible PowerPoint on The Web: Tools That Can Help – Richard Banks, Elizabeth Coombs, and Norman Coombs.
• Accessibility Features in Adobe Reader 7 – Jon Whiting.
• Accessibility with PDF files – Philip Kragnes messgage to Peter Riemenschneider.
• Anatomy of a PDF: Why Making Them Compliant Has Been Challenging – Mark Gavin.
• Adobe Acrobat 7.0: First Look from Planet PDF.
• Adding Tags to PDF improves accessible – Jim Byrne.
• Are PDF documents really accessible to all – Paul R. Bohman.
• Are They Really Accessible PDFs? – Julian Rickards.
• Authoring for Accessibility with Adobe PDF Documents – Sean Keegan.
• Creating Accessible PDFs Using Adobe Acrobat 7.0 Professional – Greg Pisocky.
• Defining Acrobat PDF Accessibility – Paul R. Bohman.
• Downloads – University of Minnesota Standard.
• Duff Johnson offers strategic review of PDF accessibility – Duff Johnson.
• Facts and Opinions About PDF Accessibility – Joe Clark.
• Guide to Editors of Accessible PDFs (1.1 MB Zipped PDF format) – Julian Rickards.
• Guidelines to Authors of Accessible PDFs (1.4 MB Zipped PDF format) – Julian Rickards.
• Here We Go Again With Untagged PDFs – Joe Clark.
• How Adobe Reader Can Help: Improvements in Acrobat Reader 7.0 – Greg Pisocky.
• How to Create Accessible Adobe PDF Files.
• Is PDF accessible?
• Making and Generating Accessible PDF – Bruce Lawson.
• NCDAE Tips and Tools: Adobe Acrobat and PDF – National Center on Disability and Access to Education.
• No PDF Press Releases, Please! – Amy Gahran.
• PDF and Accessibility – Shirley Kaiser.
• PDF and Accessibility By Roger Hudson.
• PDF and Public Documents: A White Paper – Janina Sajka and Joe Roeder.
• PDF and WCAG 2.0 – Shawn Lawton Henry.
• PDF Files are a Curse – Tim Seifert.
• PDF files can comply with Section 508. Now it’s your move. – Duff Johnson.
• PDF is Overused – Joe Clark.
• PDF format is still not fully accessible – Dey Alexander.
• PDF Needs You for PDF/UA! – Duff Johnson.
• PDF Post to the WebAIM list – Wayne Dick.
• PDF Standards From ISO – Leonard Rosenthol.
• PDF tagging for the blind – electricnews.net.
• PDF Techniques for Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0 and 2.0. W3C .
• PDF: Unfit for Human Consumption – Jakob Nielsen.
• PDF vs. HTML – WebAIM Forum.
• PDFs Don’t Have to Be an Internet Blight – Don Fluckinger.
• Playing Tag: Creating Accessible PDF Files – Jonathan Whiting.
• How do I make my online PowerPoint presentation accessible? – Access it.
• How to Create Accessible Acrobat PDF files – Paul Bohman.
• How to Create Accessible PowerPoint Slides on the Web – Paul R. Bohman.
• Making applets and plug-ins accessible – University of Massachusetts Boston.
• PR: PDFAloud – Accessibility Breakthrough for Adobe Acrobat, PDFs – Planet PDF.
• RNIB Media Briefing on Accessible PDFs – Mike Davies.
• Short notes on the accessibility of PDF documents – Jim Byrne.
• Strategies for PDF Accessibility – Comparing ‘Tagged PDF‘ approach to ‘Accessibility for the Masses’ – Duff Johnson.
• Tags or Scripts for Accessible Forms? – Duff Johnson.
• Tips and Tools: Adobe Acrobat and PDF – Jonathan Whitiing.
• The Conundrum of PDF Accessibility – Annemarie Cooke.
• The Four Levels of PDF Accessibility – Alastair Campbell.
• What does Section 508 mean for your PDFs? – Duff Johnson.
• What is Tagged PDF? – Duff Johnson.
• When to Use PDF – F. Rainne.

Relative sizing

• 3.4: Use relative rather than absolute units – W3C
  • Example for Checkpoint 3.4.
  • Techniques for checkpoint 3.4.
• Accessible Layouts – Alastair Campbell.
• Relative Sizing and Images – John Foliot.

Scripts

• 508 Tutorial (l): Scripting.
• IBM Accessibility Center: Developer guidelines for Web Accessibility.
• Scripts: University of Minnesota Standard.
• Scripts and Applets by Peter Rainger.
• Scripts and Applets – Jim Thatcher.
• Testing Script Generated Pages – Cari Burstein.

Structure & Semantics

• 3.5 Use header elements to convey document structure - W3C
  • Example for Checkpoint 3.5.
• 1.2.1 Section headings.
• Categories of Semantics – Joe Clark.
• Design for machines first, people second! – Jim Byrne.
• General Mark-up – Peter Rainge.
• Guideline 3. Use markup and style sheets and do so properly.
• Headings and Lists – Are You Using Them Correctly? – Alastair Campbell.
• SimpleQuizzes – Dan Cederholm.
• Semantic Markup – James Craig.
• Semantic Structure – Paul R. Bohman.
• Separation: The Web Designer’s Dilemma – Michael Cohen.
• Use Structural Markup – Andrew B. King.
• The Structure of Accessible Pages – Joe Clark.
• Use
  

  for top-level heading – W3C .

• Use headings to structure your document – W3C .
• Using real headers – Mark Pilgrim.
• Using Structural Markup – The University of Durham.

Style Sheets (Accessibility)

• 6.1 Organize documents so they may be read without style sheets - W3C.
• Accessibility and Cascading Style Sheets – Kynn Bartlett.
• Accessibility and CSS2 – Amy Cowen.
• Accessibility Features of CSS.
• Cascading Style Sheets And Accessibility – Marco Bertoni.
• Creating Accessible CSS – WebAIM.
• CSS accessibility problems: is markup dead? – Jim Byrne.
• CSS and Accessibility – Richard Rutter.
• CSS does not guarantee accessibility – Mark Pilgrim.
• CSS Techniques for Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0.
• CSS Techniques for Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 – (Current Document)
  • CSS Techniques for Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 – (30 June 2005).
• Example for Checkpoint 3.3 - W3C.
• Get more accessible with CSS – Shawn Morton.
• Misunderstanding Accessible Design – Joe Dolson.
• Teach Yourself CSS in 24 Hours – Kynn Bartlett. Chapter 21 “Accessibility and Internationalization” from Kynn’s book.
• Use Alternative Style Sheets To Give Users Control Of Critical Elements Such As Text Size Or Colour On Your Web Pages – Jim Byrne.
• Use markup and style sheets and do so properly - W3C.
• Using Cascading Stylesheets to Give Web Visitors More Choices – Crista Earl And Elizabeth Neal.
• Why CSS is Important for Accessibility – Alastair Campbell.

Tables

• 5.1 Tables of data – W3C.
  • 5.1 For data tables, identify row and column headers - W3C.
    • Example for Checkpoint 5.1.
• 5.1.2 Identifying rows and column information – W3C.
• 5.2 For data tables that have two or more logical levels of row or column headers, use markup to associate data cells and header cells – W3C.
  • Example for Checkpoint 5.2.
• 5.3 Linearizing tables – W3C.
  • 5.3 Do not use tables for layout unless the table makes sense when linearized – W3C.
  • Example for Checkpoint 5.3.
• 5.4 If a table is used for layout, do not use any structural markup for the purpose of visual formatting – W3C.
  • Example for Checkpoint 5.4.
• 5.5 Provide summaries for tables – W3C.
  • Example for Checkpoint 5.5.
• 5.6 Provide abbreviations for header labels – W3C.
• 508(g) – Row and column headers shall be identified for data tables.
• 508(h) – Markup shall be used to associate data cells and header cells for data tables that have two or more logical levels of row or column headers.
• Accessible Data Tables – Roger Hudson and Russ Weakley.
• Accessible Tables – Jim Thatcher.
• Accessible Tables: A Data Table with a element and a summary Attribute – University of Texas.
  • Accessible Tables: A Data Table with a summary Attribute – University of Texas.
  • Accessible Tables: Associating Data Cells and Header Cells in a Complex Table – University of Texas.
  • Accessible Tables: Identifying Column and Row Headers – University of Texas.
• Accessible HTML Tables – Neerav Bhatt.
• Associating header information with data cells – W3C.
• axis- W3C.
• Building accessible tables – Tim Roberts.
• Building an Accessible Website: Tables – Amy Cowen.
• Bring on the Tables – Roger Johansson.
• COL – Table Column – Web Design Group.
• COLGROUP – Table Column Group – Web Design Group.
• Create tables that transform gracefully – Crystal Allen and Jeff Isom.
• Create tables that transform gracefully – W3C.
• Creating Structured Tables – Isofarro.
• Creating accessible Tables for both layout and data – Jim Byrne.
• Data Tables – Peter Rainger.
• Headers – W3C.
• How to Create Accessible Tables – Paul R. Bohman.
• HTML, CSS and Tables: The Beauty of Data – Chris Heilmann.
• id – W3C.
• Making Tables Accessible – starlingweb.com.
• Provide Access to Data in Tables for Blind Users – Geoff Freed and Madeleine Rothberg.
• Scope – W3C.
• Semantic (X)HTML Markup: Using Tables Appropriately – Zoe Gillenwater.
• Tables and frames – Joe Clark.
• Table Captions – W3C.
• Tables in HTML Documents – W3C.
• Tablin: an HTML Table linearizer – W3C.
• Tables Refresher – James Craig.
• Techniques for Accessible HTML Tables – Stephen Ferg.
• tbody
  • Accessibility Series: tbody – Sandra Clark.
  • TBODY – Table Body – Web Design Group.
• TFOOT – Table Foot – Web Design Group.
• thead
  • THEAD – W3C.
  • THEAD – Table Head – Web Design Group.
• Turning the Tables – Matt Margolin
• Writing Accessible Data Tables – The University of Durham.

Testing, Checking, Validating

• A Principled Argument – Matt May.
• Accessibility and the Value of User Testing – Tina Holmboe.
• Accessibility…Can’t We All Just Get Along (Documentation of a Panel Discussion) – Panel: Derek Featherstone, Ian Lloyd and James Craig.
• Accessibility Checking… With Just A Browser! – Ian Lloyd.
• Accessibility Evaluation Practices – Survey Results – Dey Alexander.
• Accessibility Lifecycle – Alastair Campbell.
• Accessibility: Panning for Gold – Andy (Malarkey) Clarke.
• Accessibility: Standards Versus Testing – Jonathan Kahn.
• Accessibility Testing – John S. Britsios.
• Accessibility Testing and Reporting with TAW3 – Patrick H. Lauke.
• Accessibility Testing In Web Browsers – Brian Kelly.
• Accessibility Testing Methodology – Sandra Clark.
• Accessibility Testing Software Compared – Steve Faulkner.
• Assessing Usability for People with Disabilities through Remote Evaluation and Critical Incident Reporting – Mike Paciello.
• Accountability in Accessibility Testing – John Foliot.
• An Exploding Myth – James W. Thatcher.
• Are Accessibility Evaluation Tools Useless? – Roger Johansson.
• Automated Accessibility Testing – Mel Pedley.
• Automated Testing – How useful is it? – Grant Broome.
• Beware the Automated Accessibility Tool Trap – Trenton Moss.
• Certification and testing – Joe Clark.
• Don’t rely on automated tools for checking web accessibility – Jim Byrne.
• Enable User Customization – Skills For Access.
• Evaluating for Accessibility – Shawn Lawton Henry and Mary Grossnickle.
• Evaluating Web Site Accessibility: A Seven Step Process – Jared Smith and Paul Bohman.
• Evaluating Web Sites for Accessibility -Web Accessibility Initiative.
• Evaluating Web Sites for Accessibility with Firefox – Patrick H. Lauke.
• Evaluating Website Accessibility Part 1, Background and Preparation – Roger Johansson.
  • Evaluating Website Accessibility Part 2, Basic Checkpoints – Roger Johansson.
  • Evaluating Website Accessibility: Part 3, Digging Deeper – Roger Johansson.
• Four Different Ways To Test Web Accessibility – Joe Clark.
• Getting Started with Accessibility Assessments – Andrew Arch, Sofia Celic, Steve Faulkner, and Brian Hardy.
• Government Sites Fail Web Tests – BBC.
• How To Evaluate A Web Site’s Accessibility Level – David Sloan.
• How to Use Accessibility Guidelines, Standards and Testing – Joe Clark.
• How Useful are Accessibility Evaluation Tools? – Karl Dawson.
• Influence of valid code on screen readers – Joe Clark.
• Improving the Accessibility of Your Web Site – The Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI).
• Involving Users in Web Accessibility Evaluation – The Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI).
• New Research for Socitm Insight Shows Even the Best Websites Can Cause Problems For Disabled Users – egovmonitor.
• On Accessibility and Validity – Matt May.
• Positive Steps To Assessing, Monitoring and Comparing the Accessibility of Public Websites: Introducing The European Internet Accessibility Observatory By Jenny Craven and Mikael Snaprud.
• Shaw Trust User Testing – Dan Champion.
• Test the accessibility of your web page with your own web browser – Jim Byrne.
• Testing for Accessibility: Techniques, Headaches and The Future – Derek Featherstone.
• Testing Invalid Content with Accessibility Validators – Gez Lemon.
• Testing with Screen Readers: A Hypothetical Conversation – Paul R. Bohman.
• The Effectiveness of the Web Accessibility Audit as a Motivational and Educational Tool in Inclusive Web Design – David Sloan.
• The Importance of Human Evaluation – WebAIM.
• The Lifecycle of Web Accessibility – Antonio Volpon.
• The Problem With Automated Accessibility Testing Tools – Trenton Moss.
• The Ultimate Testing Checklist – Shirley Kaiser.
• The Usefulness of Accessibility Audits – Jack Pickard.
• Three Things I Learned About Screen Reader Users – Joshua Kaufman.
• Tools of Inspiration – Ann Light.
• Unified Web Evaluation Methodology (UWEM0.5)
• Usability Exchange.
• Use of Automated Tools For Testing Web Site Accessibility – Marieke Guy.
• Using Combined Expertise to Evaluate Web Accessibility – The Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI).
• Using the Accessible Information Solutions (AIS) Web Accessibility Toolbar – Steven Faulkner.
• Using Opera to Check for Accessibility – Paul R. Bohman.
• Using WAVE 3.5 – WebAIM.
• Using the Web Accessibility Toolbar – Trenton Moss.
• Validating a Vendor: Evaluating Claims of Accessibility Expertise – Glenda Watson Hyatt.
• Web Accessibility Evaluation Tools Need People – Shawn Lawton Henry.
• Web Accessibility Testing – Jim Thatcher et al.

Text Only Versions

• 11.4 -” If, after best efforts, you cannot create an accessible page, provide a link to an alternative page that uses W3C technologies, is accessible, has equivalent information (or functionality), and is updated as often as the inaccessible (original) page. -W3C”.
• 508 (k) – “A text-only page, with equivalent information or functionality, shall be provided to make a web site comply with the provisions of these standards, when compliance cannot be accomplished in any other way. The content of the text-only page shall be updated whenever the primary page changes”.
• LIFT Text Transcoder – WebAIM Thread.
• Myth: Text-Only Versions – Shawn Lawton Henry.
• One Page to Rule Them All – Mark Plilgrim.
• Separate text-only version? No thanks! – Trenton Moss.
• Text-Only Pages are Possibly Not So Bad – Joe Clark.
• Text-Only Versions – Tommy Olsson.
• “Text Only” Versions Considered Harmful – Jon Hanna.

Tools: Accessibility

Usability and Accessibility

• Accessibility in the User-Centered Design Process – Shawn Lawton Henry and Mary Grossnickle Martinson.
• The Secret Benefit of Accessibility: Increased Usability – Trenton Moss.
• Usability and Accessibility in 2006 – Peter Abrahams.
• What is the Relationship Between Usability and Accessibility and What Should it Be? – Dey Alexander.

W3C Guidelines

Zoom Layouts

• A Hack for Implementing Zoom Layouts – Joe Clark.
• Big, Stark and Chunky – Joe Clark.
• Elastic Zoom Layouts – Faruk Ates.
• Inverted Zoom: Designing for Low Vsion – Roger Johansson.
• Zoom for Low Vision – Gez Lemon.
• Zoom Layouts (references) – Joe Clark.
• Zoom Layout Starter Kit – Alessandro Fulciniti.
• Zoom the Web: The problem of giant fonts – Joe Clark.
• ZoomLayouts by css-discuss Wiki.
• Zoom layout by Douglas Bowman.
• Zoom Layouts Update – Joe Clark.
• Zooming the Web – Jeremy Keith.
• Zoom Zoom, Layouts for Visual Impairment – Alastair Campbell and Leonie Watson.

Articles & Related Links

• 2004 Survey on Access Technology in Higher Education – Prepared By Terry Thompson.
• A Beginners Introduction to Standard Markup and Accessibility – Jim Byrne.
• A Journey Through Accessibility – Roberto Scano.
• A More Accessible Map – Seth Duffey.
• A Quick and Dirty Introduction to Accessibility – Russ Weakley.
• Accessible Site Design Guide – anybrowser.org.
• Accessibility at Educational Institutions – Matt Bailey.
• Accessibility Building Blocks – Ian Lloyd.
• Accessibility for Blind People – James Bowskill.
• Accessibility From The Ground Up: A Primer for the Web designer – Matt May.
• Accessibility Information – The Royal National Institute of the Blind.
• Accessibility: It’s Just About Customers – Mike Butcher.
• Accessibility Tips for Website Construction – Patrick Kennedy.
• Assuring E-Accessibility: Providing Choices – Pam Berman and Charles Chen.
• Be Accessible, Don’t Meet Guidelines – Jack Pickard.
• Best Practices for User Centered Web Design – Jon Gunderson, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign.
• Beyond Guidelines – Advanced Accessibility Techniques – Trenton Moss.
• Breaking Barriers – Mike Cherim.
• Building Accessible Web Sites – Joe Clark.
• Building Accessibility Consortiums: WebCT Case Study – Hadi Bargi Rangin, Robert Dumas, and Philip Kragnes.
• Can You Get the Music? A Review of Music Download Sites – Janet Ingber.
• Computer Science Majors Get Tools To Build Accessibility Into Software – K. C. Jones.
• Constructing a POUR Website, Part 1 – Paul R. Bohman.
• Contextual Web Accessibility – Maximizing the Benefit of Accessibility Guidelines – David Sloan et al.
• Creating Accessible Bar Charts – Peter Krantz.
• Cultivating and Maintaining Web Accessibility Expertise and Institutional Support in Higher Education – Paul R. Bohman.
• Curriculum for Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0 – Chuck Letourneau and Geoff Freed.
• Deaf Sites Do Web Standards: Or rather, like type and design sites, they do not – Joe Clark.
• Deciding on Accessibility Strategies – Kevin Leitch.
• eAccessibility of Public Sector Services in the European Union – Royal National Institute of the Blind (RNIB), AbilityNet, Dublin City University and Socitm Insight.
• E-Learning

  • Access E-Learning (AEL) – Georgia Tech.
  • The Barrierfree Learning Environment – Barrier Free.
  • Holistic Approaches to E-learning Accessibility – Lawrie Phipps and Brian Kelly.
  • Implementing a Holistic Approach to E-learning Accessibility – Brian Kelly and Cora Howell.
• David Berlind on Web Accessibility – Joseph Dolson.
• Disabled Football Fans on Losing Side, Whatever England’s Fate – AbilityNet.
• Disabled Technologies Pave the Way for Next Generation Mobile Web – EurekAlert.
• Designing the Web for People with Disabilities – Mike Paciello.
• DTI : ‘Our blind guy can use it so it’s fine’ – Bruce Lawson.
• Essential Components of Web Accessibility – The Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI).
• Evaluating Web Sites for Accessibility with the Firefox Web Developer Toolbar – Patrick H. Lauke.
• Further Mesh Nonsense – Joe Clark.
• Geek in the Park: Pragmatic Accessibility – Bruce Lawson.
• Google Image Labeler – Google.
  • Are You Google’s Gopher? – Alan Connor.
• Has Accessibility Been Taken Too Far? – Jeff Croft.
  • Accessibility Has NOT Been Taken Too Far – Joe Dolson.
  • Accessibility Follow-Up – Jeff Croft.
  • Accessibility vs. Visual Design – Why Can’t We All Just Get Along? – Jared Smith.
  • Welcome to Accessibility Club – James Bennett.
• HTML Web Accessibility Best Practices – Jon Gunderson.
• IBM Systems Journal, (accessibility issue) – International Business Machines.
  • ‘IBM Systems Journal’ Accessibility Articles – Joe Clark.
• Introduction to Web Accessibility By Paul R. Bohman.
• Introduction to Web Accessibility – W3C.
• Innovative Design Inspired by Accessibility – Wendy Chisholm.
• Is Blogging Accessible to People with Vision Loss? – The American Foundation for the Blind.
  • How to Make Your Blog Accessible to Blind Readers – The American Foundation for the Blind.
• Jodi Awards Celebrate Accessible Museum and Library Web Sites – Chris Hofstater.
• Just How Accessible is the Web? BBC 1′s Click, Investigates – Henry Swan.
• Learning to Let Go – Chris Heilmann.
• Leave No Man Behind – Cameron Adams.
• Let Them Eat Cake: Accessibility and Usability, Brought Together Through the DOM and CSS – Aaron Gustafson.
• Levels of Accessibility Knowledge – Joe Clark.
• Made for All of Us – Dave Shea.
• Math Description Engine – National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
• More Americans Than Ever Face the Threat of Blindness from Aging Eye Diseases – The Eye Digest.
• More From Our Dear British Friends – Joe Clark.
• More Than a Set of Rules: Consider Human and Social Factors Alongside Technical Guidelines – Glenda Watson Hyatt.
• New Research Study Shows 57 Percent of Adult Computer Users Can Benefit From Accessible Technology – Microsoft.
• New Study Links Higher Income with Lower Disability Rates – Sarah Yang.
• No, Your Website ISN’T AAA Accessible! – Dan Zambonini.
• Non-Visual Access to the Digital Library (NoVA): The Use of the Digital Library Interfaces by Blind and Visually Impaired People – Jenny Craven and Peter Brophy.
• One of Four Web Users are Disabled Users – Jesper Ronn-Jensen.
• ONOFF: Another Failed Redesign – Roger Johansson and Robert Nyman.
• Paul Boag Podcast on Accessibility Guidelines – Patrick H. Lauke.
• Public Institutions’ Web Accessibility Evaluation, Plans for Improvement, and Annual Reporting – The Illinois Board of Higher Education (IBHE).
• Public Money on Inaccessible Web Sites – Derek Featherstone.
• Pushing the Limits of Accessibility – Andrew Kirkpatrick.
• Removing Road Blocks to Accessibility – Peter Abrahams.
• Seven Accessibility Mistakes (Part 1) – Christian Heilmann.
  • Seven Accessibility Mistakes (Part 2) – Christian Heilmann.
• Tate Online Wins Accessibility Award – Anna Lagerkvist.
• The Accessibility Chronicles – Mike Davidson.
• The Bullhorns and Short-Term Thinking – Mike Davies.
• The Future of Web Accessibility – Trenton Moss.
• The Imagination Gap: Making Web-based Instructional Resources Accessible to Students and Colleagues with Disabilities – John Slatin.
• The Moving Target of Accessibility – Matt Bailey.
• The Practicalities of Accessible, Commercial Web Design – Leonie Watson.
• The State of Accessibility in the Real World – Richard Rutter.
• Text Email Newsletter (TEN) – E-Access Bulletin.
• Title Attributes

  • Adding titles to links – Mark Pilgrim.
  • Assistive Technology Users Test TITLE Attribute Access – Steven Faulkner.
  • Don’t Neglect the title Attribute – Jon Christopher.
  • Screen Reader Software Support for the TITLE Attribute – Steven Faulkner.
  • The Alt and Title Attributes – Roger Johansson.
  • The Trouble With the Title Attribute – Steve Faulkner.
  • The title attribute.
  • TITLE Attribute What Is It Good For? – Steven Faulkner.
  • Title Attribute — Your Take – D. Keith Robinson.
  • Using the title Attribute – Gez Lemon.
• Title Elements

  • Document titles and title separators – Roger Johansson.
  • Microcontent: How to Write Headlines, Page Titles, and Subject Lines – Jacob Nielsen.
  • Page titles on news article pages – Adrian Holovaty.
  • The Sound of the Accessible Title Tag Separator – Peter Krantz.

  This Week in WCAG – Joe Clark.

• Toronto Interacts Presentation – Joe Clark.
• Toward User-Centered, Scenario-Based Planning and Evaluation Tools – Paul Bohman and Shane Anderson.
• Too Much Accessibility – Bim Egan.
• Triple A – Dave Shea.
• Understanding Web Accessibility – Joe Clark.
• UUP Uncovers Deficiencies In Accessibility For Disabled Workers, Students – United University Professions.
• WAI – W3C‘s section to check out for Web Content Accessibility.
  • Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) – Robert Nyman.
  • WAI Web Site Redesign Development – Shawn Henry.
• Walgreens Recruits Employees With Disabilities Through Highly Accessible Website – Michael McCarty.
• WaSP Forms Accessibility Task Force – Andy Clarke.
  • ATF: Not ‘Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms’ – Joe Clark.
  • Suggestions for the WaSP Accessibility and Education Task Forces – Andrea Schwandt-Arbogast.
• WCAG and the Myth of Accessibility – Kevin Leitch.
• Web Accessibility: A Broader View – John T. Richards and Vicki L. Hanson.
• Web Accessibility and Individuals with Disabilities in Postsecondary Education: The Legal Issues – University of Washington.
• Web Accessibility Learning Modules – Califorina State University, Frenso.
• Web Accessibility Standard – University of Minnesota.
• Web Accessibility – What not to do – Jim Thatcher.
• Web Inaccessibility ‘Creates Net Underclass’ – Lucy Sherriff.
• Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 – W3C.
  • Abandon All Hope – Joe Clark.
  • Call for Response from the Web Standards Project – Joe Clark.
  • Can WCAG 2.0 be Simpler? – Vladimir Popov.
  • Formal Objection to WCAG Claiming to Address Cognitive Limitations – Gez Lemon.
  • Gian Sampson Wild, Ten Questions for – Russ Weakley.
  • HTML Techniques for WCAG 2.0 – W3C.
  • Last Call Working Draft of Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 – Patrick H. Lauke.
  • Overview of the General Techniques for Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 – John M. Slatin.
  • Shawn Henry Podcast/Interview on WCAG 2 – Giles Colborne.
  • Side by Side, 508 to WCAG 2.0 – Jim Thatcher.
  • Stuff WCAG, Let’s do It Ourselves! – Jack Pickard.
  • To Hell with WCAG 2 – Joe Clark.
    • WCAG 2.0 – Lachlan Hunt.
    • This Just In: I Run a ‘Movement’ – Joe Clark.
    • WCAG 2.0 Revisited – Lachlan Hunt.
    • Even Academics Can’t Understand It – Joe Clark.
    • Whither WAI and WCAG? – Joe Clark.
    • Formal Objection to WCAG 2.0 – Lisa Seeman et al.
    • What’s Next for Web Accessibility? – Faruk Ates.
  • Tangling with Accessible Web Content – Karl Sabino.
  • Techniques for WCAG 2.0 – W3C.
  • Understanding WCAG 2.0 – W3C.
  • Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0: Transitioning Your Web Site – Wendy Chisholm and Judy Brewer.
  • WCAG 2 – A Backward Step for Accessibility? – David Moore.
  • WCAG 2.0 Comments – W3C.
  • WCAG 2 frequently asked questions (FAQ) – W3C.
  • WCAG 2.0 Last Call – Extended Deadline 22 June 2006 – Judy Brewer.
  • WCAG 2 – Moving Forward – Charles McCathieNevile.
  • WCAG 2.0: New Challenges, New Technologies, New Concepts – Wendy Chisholm and Ben Caldwell.
  • WCAG 2.0: The Difference Between a Level and a Priority – Gez Lemon.
  • WCAG 2.0: The New W3C Web Accessibility Guidelines Evaluated – Trenton Moss.
  • WCAG 2.0 – What a Whopper! – Jack Pickard.
  • WCAG 2.0: When I Want a Beer, Don’t Give Me Shandy – Bruce Lawson.
  • WCAG 2.0 Quick Reference – W3C.
  • Working with Others: Accessibility and User Research – Maurizio Boscarol.
  • What’s Happening in WCAG 2? – Jack Pickard.
  • Whistle Stop WCAG 2 : To Hell … and Back – Jack Pickard.